SHEFFIELD: China is urbanising at breakneck speed.
Hundreds of millions of people have migrated from rural areas to cities in search of jobs or higher wages, even as the government commissions new buildings and infrastructure in less populated places, to try to even out development.
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Many of the 900 million people living in Chinas rural villages have undoubtedly benefited from this huge transition, been lifted out of poverty and given better access to education and healthcare.
But rapid development and massive migration away from these villages has also led to the loss of traditional architecture spanning back hundreds of years.
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However, over the six years I have spent conducting research on such rural villages, I have seen an emerging wave of architects helping to regenerate these villages from within and preserve the heritage of their buildings for future generations.
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VANISHING VILLAGES
Chinas housing ministry has made some efforts to preserve the nations agrarian architectural heritage.
There have been five waves of official shortlists designating “Chinas Traditional Villages” since 2012. As a result, 6,799 villages have been formally considered for conservation and tourism-led regeneration.
But there are some 2.5 million more ordinary and underdeveloped rural villages where such heritage is being lost at an alarming rate. In some places, traditional buildings are built over to make way for expanding cities or accommodate tourists. In many others, the destruction is more gradual.
In the remote parts of rural China, villages are mostly inhabited by the elderly and pre-school children whose parents have left to seek work in towns and cities.
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As the traditional clan-based social structure of Chinese villages has dissolved, ancestral buildings are becoming dilapidated from lack of maintenance – if not abandoned altogether.
Rescuers help clean up a house damaged by a landslide after typhoon Lekima hit Shanzao village in Yongjia county, Wenzhou, Zhejiang province, China on Aug 11, 2019. (Photo: REUTERS/Stringer)
Prior to Chinas rapid urbanisation, architecture once served to tie a village together. Constructed using local materials, traditional buildings expressed local characteristics, reflected local rituals and were cared for collectively by families and village communities.
These forms, practices and values are absent in modern developments, which are produced at an industrial scale and designed for economic efficiency.
REBUILDING HOPE
In recent years, though, a new wave of architects have been taking an ethical and culturally sensitive approach to preserving rural heritage and delivering a more humane and decent way of living in left-behind rural villages.
Some are trained architects who practice professionally. Others are “barefoot architects” who draw their expertise from the longstanding building tradition of pre-modern China, which was dominated by carpenters, rather than architects.
One example can be found in Pingtian – an ordinary village supervised by Songyang County of Zhejiang province – where architect Wei He and his studio renovated an abandoned house into a youth hostel.
Working within the shell of the original building, which is made of a compacted soil material called “rammed earth”, Wei carefully inserted a new timber structure to create semi-private sleeping capsules, along with a lounge and reception area.
The timber was sourced locally and is lightweight and can be taken down or reconfigured with relative ease.
Local labourers including several carpenters got involved in the process and helped site architects to resolve technical problems using local know-how.
An abandoned building in Anhui province – a typical scene in non-listed rural villages. (Photo: Xiang Ren)
The renovation of the 270sqm hostel cost less than £100 (US$123) per sqm and – since its launch in 2015 as part of the emerging bed and breakfast industry – the business has successfully brought both tourists and local people back to the village.
OLD BECOMES NEW
Further north in Zhejiang province, not far from the city of Hangzhou, stands Jianshan, a village in Anji County. Here, Weizhong Ren creates new buildings for his village, consciously merging the roles of designer, buildRead More – Source
