January 27, 2018
Abnormalities in glucose uptake by the liver (or hepatic glucose uptake; HGU) cause elevations in blood glucose levels following meals, a state that is known as postprandial hyperglycemia. Such abnormalities are observed in obesity and type 2 diabetes and result in an increased risk of cardiovascular complications. Although the exact mechanism of HGU impairment is unknown, there is evidence that it is mediated by abnormal regulation of the enzyme hepatic glucokinase and the glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP).
Now, a team of Japanese researchers led by Hiroshi Inoue from Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, and collaborators from the National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, have identified a sirtuin enzyme (Sirt2) as a key player in regulating hepatic glucokinase through modifying GKRP, suggesting that this mechanism offers a potential therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes.
Previous reports show that the signaling molecule nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) governs glucose metabolism. In this paper, Inoue and colleagues used in vitro knockdown experiments to identify Sirt2 as a mediator of NAD+-dependent HGU. However, Sirt2, did not influence the gene expression levels of glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase, thereby implying that Sirt2 affected HGU through post-translational modifications.
In normal cells, glucokinase binds to GKRP in low glucose conditions, while the two proteins dissociate in response to elevation of glucose levels. In cells derived from diabetic mice, however, this desolation does not take place even under high glucose concentrations. In the current study, the researchers were able to reverse this perturbation by overexpressing Sirt2 and showed that Sirt2 can regulate the dissociation by directly binding to GKRP and deacetylating it (at residue K126) in a NAD+-dependent manner.
The researchers also performed experiments in mice and found that expressing a form of GKRP that could not be acetylated perturbs HGU, suggesting that acetylation of GKRP is involved in HGU and the maintenance of normal glucose levels. Furthermore, the researchers found that a decrease in NAD+-dependent Sirt2 activity and defective Sirt2-dependent deacetylation of GKRP were responsible, at least in part, for the HGU abnormality observed in obese diabetic mice.
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Overall, the results indicate that NAD+ and Sirt2 regulate HGU and that Sirt2 acts through deacetylating GKRP. The authors conclude that "these findings suggest that NAD +/Sirt2-dependent GKRP deacetylation regulation plays an important role in HGU control and that this regulation is a novel therapeutic target in type 2 diabetes and obesity and is responsible for HGU impairment."
[Background]
Hepatic glucose uptake (HGU)
HGU accounts for a third of food-derived glucose uptake, and hence its perturbation is involved in obesity and type 2 diabetes. HGU is dependent upon a balance in the activities of two key enzymes, glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase. Glucokinase phosphorylates glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, while glucose-6-phosphatase dephosphorylates it. Glucokinase is inhibited by binding to glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP), a process that is reversed upon binding to glucose. Previous studies have highlighted the importance of this mechanism by showing that small molecules which dissociate glucokinase from GKRP can lower blood glucose levels in obese diabetic mice.
Sirtuins
Sirtuins are a group of NAD+-dependent deacetylases. There are seven mammalian forms (Sirt1-7). Sirt1 regulates genes that are involved in hepatic glucose metabolism, while Sirt3 regulates fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis. Although previous studies have shown that Sirt1 and Sirt2 functions overlap, the role of Sirt2 in HGU had not been fully investigated prior to the current study.
